ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ
ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯀꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯅꯤ꯫
ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯅ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯅꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇ 2.70% ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯃꯜꯇꯤ-ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ꯫ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ; ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯁꯥꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯀꯔꯥꯅ ꯔꯦꯚꯦꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯟ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯂꯧꯏ꯫
ꯂꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ
ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯨꯒꯤꯖꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯅ 1840ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1962ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯤ ꯍꯣ (Stanley Ho)ꯒꯤ STDMꯗ ꯃꯣꯅꯣꯄꯣꯂꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ 1999ꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯑꯣꯚꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯣꯅꯣꯄꯣꯂꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ 2002ꯗ ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯅ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, SJM, ꯒꯦꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯤꯟꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯕ-ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯠꯅꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯪꯍꯅꯈꯤ: 2002ꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯁ, 2005ꯗ MGM ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2006ꯗ ꯃꯦꯜꯀꯣ꯫ 2022ꯒꯤ ꯄꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇ 2023 ꯖꯅꯨꯋꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇ, ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ꯫ ꯇꯥꯏꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯑꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯁꯃꯨꯗ꯭ꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯣꯇꯥꯏ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯇ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ; ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯅꯁꯨꯂꯥꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ꯫
ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄꯅꯣ
ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯚꯦꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯀꯔꯥꯅꯤ: ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯒꯤ 85–90%꯫ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯛ ꯕꯣ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯤꯆꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯝꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯇ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯕꯦꯀꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯌꯦꯡꯏ꯫
ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ
ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯗ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ; ꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯤꯃꯣꯠ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯝꯃꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ꯫ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯕꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯥꯀꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫
ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ
ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯣꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯣ (DICJ)ꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ 2023ꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯜꯐ-ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯛꯂꯨꯖꯟ (ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯕ)ꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ 21 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯍꯨꯏꯊꯛ ꯊꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯏꯊꯛ ꯊꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯎꯟꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗꯈꯛ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯗ ꯐꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤꯅꯤ꯫
ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯨꯒꯤꯖ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯅ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫
ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯤ ꯍꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ STDMꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯅꯣꯄꯣꯂꯤ꯫
ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯑꯣꯚꯔ; ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ꯫
ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ (SJM, ꯒꯦꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤ, ꯋꯤꯟ); 2002–2006ꯗ ꯁꯕ-ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯔꯤ; 2004ꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯁ ꯃꯀꯥꯎ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫
ꯀꯣꯇꯥꯏꯗ ꯚꯦꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯟ ꯃꯀꯥꯎ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ; ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯗꯤꯌꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫
ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯔꯦꯚꯦꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ US$45 ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ, ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯔꯦꯠ꯫
ꯄꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ, ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ꯫
ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ
ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯃꯝ (ꯀꯣꯇꯥꯏꯗ HK$100–300 ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯃꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯑꯣꯗꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯅꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯅꯤꯌꯝꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ: ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 1.35% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯇꯤꯞ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯃꯆꯠ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯗ ꯐꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫
ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯜꯞꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯅꯤ꯫
ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯀꯥꯎꯗ꯫ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯃꯗ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2021ꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯃꯈꯩ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯂꯤ꯫
ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ, ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯁꯦꯜ, ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯄ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ “X ꯗꯒꯤ 1” ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ, ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯣꯅꯤꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯉ꯭ꯂꯤꯁꯇ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯁꯍꯔ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇꯤ ꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯅꯤ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ).