ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ 1955 ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯃꯥꯏ ꯆꯨꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯋꯥꯔꯗ ꯊꯣꯔꯞꯇ ꯂꯥꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯌꯨꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜꯑꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯌꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ: ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯣꯜꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯕꯣꯜꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯚꯣꯔꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, 18–21 mm꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯗꯨ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯍ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯀꯣꯏꯍꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯃꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯄꯋꯥꯆ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯐꯤꯜꯝ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1958 ꯗ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯣꯉꯆꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯀꯖꯦꯀꯅ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1960 ꯗ, ꯑꯦꯝꯑꯥꯏꯇꯤꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯗ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁꯦꯁꯇ ꯊꯥꯕꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯖꯈꯤ; ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯪꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇꯇ ꯆꯉꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯔꯦꯅꯣꯗꯒꯤ $1,500 ꯗ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯥꯔꯗ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ ꯃꯉꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯛꯀꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯘꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯕꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯆꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯦꯛꯀꯟꯗ 0.03 ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯗꯒꯤ 0.01 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤ꯫ ꯖꯨꯟ 1961 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯗ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯒꯥꯔꯦꯠ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ: ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯋꯤꯆ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯕꯥꯟꯅ ꯅꯝꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯣꯇꯔꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯔꯣꯇꯔꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯄ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯆꯛꯔꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ, ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥꯗ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯊꯣꯔꯞꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯗꯥꯏꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯨꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯏꯌꯔꯄꯤꯁꯇ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯝ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯇꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯛꯊꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗꯤ ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯔꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯀꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯛꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯊꯣꯔꯞꯅ 1966 ꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1979 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1984 ꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫

ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ

ꯊꯣꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯣꯒꯅꯤ: ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯤꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯇꯥꯔ ꯑꯅꯧꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯛꯔꯣꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯔꯅ ꯉꯃꯈꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯜꯇꯦꯀꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯦꯂꯟ ꯂꯨꯏꯁꯅ 1972 ꯗ ꯌꯨꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯔꯀꯁ ꯁꯥꯔꯀꯁꯇ ꯄꯨꯈꯤ, ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯦꯂꯀꯣꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯀꯥꯟꯈꯤꯗꯦ; ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯈꯉꯈꯤ꯫ 1976 ꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯖꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯕꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯕꯣꯜ, ꯔꯣꯇꯔ, ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯣꯡꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯏꯀ꯭ꯕꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯀꯨꯟ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯋꯤꯆꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯃꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯍꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯆꯦꯛꯀꯟꯗ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯖꯥꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 1978 ꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ 25% ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯈꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ; ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯍꯥꯔꯗꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯐꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ (ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ)꯫

ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ

ꯕꯣꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯂꯧꯗꯕꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯊꯣꯔꯞꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯔꯃꯗꯦ: ꯔꯦꯅꯣ, ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁ, ꯂꯟꯗꯟ, ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ, ꯅꯤꯁ, ꯚꯦꯅꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯨꯌꯔꯇꯣ ꯔꯤꯀꯣꯗ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯗꯤ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯇꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ “ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯦꯃꯑꯣꯡꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯦꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯎꯕ (ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ)꯫ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯝꯕ, ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →” ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯤꯠꯖꯀꯤ ꯇꯤꯃꯅ ꯔꯦꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯦꯕꯜꯔꯦꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯚꯦꯜ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ, ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯦꯞ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯇ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯅ ꯃꯦ 1985 ꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ

ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ꯫ 1966 ꯗ ꯅꯤꯁꯇ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯟ ꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯇꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯨꯞꯅ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯠꯊꯣꯀꯏ (ꯒꯣꯜꯗꯃꯦꯟ, 2007)꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯂꯩ: ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯨꯞꯅ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯃꯒꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ

ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯐꯒꯗꯒꯦ

ꯊꯣꯔꯞꯅ (1984) ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯕꯦꯜ ꯀꯔꯚ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯤꯁꯥꯕ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ: ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯂꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ σ ꯂꯥꯞꯏ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯂꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕꯕꯦꯠꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯀꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ, ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯃꯉꯥ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ σ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ, 35:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯀꯅꯤ꯫ σ = ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 10 ꯗ, ꯊꯣꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯅ ꯌꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ, ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ +44% ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯣꯔꯞꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ; ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ 1998 ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 17 ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ 16 ꯗ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯦ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯅꯛꯅ ꯂꯥꯞꯊꯣꯛꯏ꯫ ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯕꯖꯦꯠꯅ ꯉꯃꯈꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯛꯄꯒꯦ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ: ꯔꯣꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 1.4 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 5.5 ꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯗꯤꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯗꯤꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔꯇꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯕ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯅꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯦꯇꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯀꯦꯅꯨ, ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯟꯗ, ꯄꯤꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →ꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯇꯥꯕꯗꯒꯤ 7 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯣꯡꯕꯗꯒꯤ 6 ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯂꯒꯥ 10.8 ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯏ꯫

ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ