ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤ: ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ
ꯗꯥꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯠ ꯏꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯈꯟꯖꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫
ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯛꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤ (Richard Jarecki, 1931–2018)ꯅ 1960ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1970ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯊꯃꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ $1.2 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯅꯥꯅ ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ 2018ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯕꯤꯆꯨꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯂꯣꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯏꯔꯤ꯫
ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ
ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯕꯤꯂꯍꯦꯜꯝ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤ 1 ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1931ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯅꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟꯗꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯆꯦꯆꯤꯟꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯗꯔꯃꯦꯇꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯅ ꯁꯤꯄꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯖꯨꯏꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1930ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯨꯖꯔꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯕꯔꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯀꯇ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯈꯤ, ꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯛ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗ ꯇꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ 1958ꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯗꯦꯂꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ 1964ꯗ ꯑꯦꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯊꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯗ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯅꯔꯁ ꯀꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯐꯨꯖꯦꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ꯫ 1967ꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯗꯦꯂꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗ ꯐꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯅꯗ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ 1969ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯌꯦꯠ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆꯔ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯄꯦꯄꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤꯔꯕꯁꯨ꯫
ꯃꯑꯣꯡ
ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯒꯤ 2018ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯂꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕ ꯈꯔꯅ ꯈꯅꯒꯠꯂꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯏꯈꯤ, ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 10,000ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯔꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤꯗꯦ: “ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫”
ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯗꯖꯟ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ, ꯗꯤꯚꯣꯟ-ꯂꯦ-ꯕꯦꯟ, ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯂꯩ, 38ꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 37꯫ ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 1969ꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯤ: ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯤ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯃꯔꯛꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯨꯅ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯦꯟꯕꯁꯨ ꯇꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ; ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯈꯟꯖꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯃꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥ
ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 10,000ꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ 270 ꯃꯔꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ, 16 ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ꯫ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ 319 ꯎꯔꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕ “ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ” ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 31 ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 35:1ꯗ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯅ 15% ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯤ꯫
ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 1,000 ꯂꯧꯁꯤ꯫ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ 27 ꯃꯔꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ, 5 ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 37 ꯂꯩꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ 37 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯠꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯁꯥꯠꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯛꯅꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ꯫ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯇꯦ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝ ꯎꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯦ꯫ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯠ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯥꯌꯦꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯂꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯜ ꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫
ꯈꯉꯗꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ, ꯀꯌꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯈꯥꯌꯦꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯨ ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯃꯗꯦ꯫ 1969ꯗ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫
ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ
ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯅ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ; ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯇꯂꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫ 2018ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯕꯤꯆꯨꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯃꯗꯦ, ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯂꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯃꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯈꯤ꯫ ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 1969ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯛ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯈꯟꯗꯦ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯅꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯦ 1969ꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯚꯤꯌꯨ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯂꯦꯕꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯛꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯈꯔꯕꯨ 1/37 ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ꯫ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯦ, ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯈꯉꯕ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯅ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯃꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ: ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯣꯛꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯉꯕꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫
ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣ, ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ 1969
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯍꯞꯇꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯍꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯂꯒꯤꯅꯤ꯫
ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯉꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗ ꯃꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯤꯟꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯉꯥꯏꯌꯨ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫
ꯁꯍꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯂꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯉꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯐꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯂꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯆꯉꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯏꯀꯥꯌꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯋꯥꯁꯀꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫
ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯎꯖ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁꯇ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤꯕ
ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ: “ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯃꯍꯤꯛ-ꯃꯍꯩ ꯌꯣꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫” ꯃꯦ 1969ꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯤꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯔꯣꯕꯔꯠ ꯂꯥꯔꯗꯦꯔꯥꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ “ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ” ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯨꯏꯖꯤ ꯕꯥꯔꯇꯣꯂꯤꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯋꯥꯏ ꯃꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯀꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯅ 1969ꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯑꯔꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ
ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯦ꯫
ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ
ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯍꯅꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ 2018ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯕꯤꯆꯨꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯗꯖꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ, ꯊꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯜꯂꯃꯗꯦ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ
ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁꯇ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯇ ꯀꯃꯣꯗꯤꯇꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ-ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯅꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯇꯂꯥꯟꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯀꯖꯦꯛ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ꯫ 1998 ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯅꯤꯂꯥꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ 25 ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ 2018ꯗ ꯆꯍꯤ 86 ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯗ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔꯗ ꯃꯅꯤꯂꯥꯗ ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ 2018ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯕꯤꯆꯨꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫
ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯅ ꯖꯥꯟꯌꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 1969ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫
ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ $1.2 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯜꯂꯃꯗꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯁꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯅ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Slotnik, D. E. “Richard Jarecki, Doctor Who Conquered Roulette, Dies at 86.”
- McClain, D. L. “Carol Jarecki, Respected Chess Referee, Dies at 86.”
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Isman, F. “Il professor Richard Jarecki, croce (o delizia?) del Casinò.”
- United Press International. “Casino Conqueror Made to Desist.”
- Associated Press. “Winner Wins Casino Card.”
- Vannozzi, A. Report from Rome on “the gambling professor”.