ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯕꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯣꯔꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ, 1975

1975ꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥꯗ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯃꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯟ ꯄꯦꯀꯥꯔꯗ (Norman Packard)ꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯖꯦꯛ ꯕꯥꯏꯂꯁꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯀꯖꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯉꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ-ꯏꯚꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯕꯥꯏꯂꯁꯅ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯦꯀꯥꯔꯗꯅ ꯑꯦꯗꯋꯥꯔꯗ ꯊꯣꯔꯞꯀꯤ Beat the Dealerꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯈꯉꯕ ꯀꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯄꯔꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯅꯤꯅ ꯇꯦꯞ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯜꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯕꯣꯜꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯚꯣꯔꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, 18–21 mm꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯠꯄ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯨꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯆꯦꯗ ꯊꯃꯕꯗ, ꯇꯨꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯄꯦꯀꯥꯔꯗꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯗꯣꯏꯟ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔ (Doyne Farmer), ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥ, ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯖꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯌꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯟꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ: ꯕꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯦꯛꯀꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯆꯦꯗꯗꯤ, ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯉꯝꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯦꯕꯇ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ

1976ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯃꯥꯏ ꯊꯥꯗ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯦꯟ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯅꯅ ꯔꯤꯅꯣꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯔꯀꯁꯣꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯁꯅꯥ $1,500 ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯇꯔꯅꯤꯇꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯨꯅ꯫ ꯊꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯕꯇ ꯄꯨꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯔꯦꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯨꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯘꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯜꯅ ꯃꯦꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯂꯅ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯁꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯕ ꯊꯨꯅ ꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯗꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ꯫ ꯏꯟꯆ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯇꯟꯊꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯛꯂꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯍꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ: ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯟ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯥꯔꯗ-ꯕꯣꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯊꯨꯅ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯁꯨ ꯆꯣꯡꯏ, ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯕ꯫ ꯆꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯨꯠꯊꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯈꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ 44% ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯊꯤꯈꯤ, ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ

ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯏ

ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯔꯞꯔꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁ (Eudaemonic Enterprises) ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤ, ꯋꯥꯈꯂꯅ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯪꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ: ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯄꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯟꯅꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯈꯣꯉꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ, 1976–1978

ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1976ꯗ $250ꯗ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯤꯠ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯦꯄꯂꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ 6502 ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁꯔꯗ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯔꯣꯇꯔꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯄ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯏꯛꯕꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯚꯔꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯨꯝꯗꯨꯅ, ꯈꯣꯉꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ, ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯗꯤ, ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯗ ꯁꯥꯒꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯅꯥꯃꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯤꯆꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯝꯈꯤ: ꯈꯣꯡꯅꯥꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯦꯠꯄ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯇꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯥꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯀꯨꯟ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯛꯇꯅꯥ ꯅꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯦꯛꯀꯟꯗ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯅ ꯎꯟꯁꯥꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯟꯖꯔ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯏꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯆꯛꯔꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ, ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ “ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯒꯅꯨ” ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯈꯉꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣ ꯁꯤꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯝꯃꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅ, ꯌꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯈꯉꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ, ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯀꯟꯅꯍꯟꯅꯕ꯫

ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1977ꯗ ꯂꯦꯛ ꯇꯥꯍꯣ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯅꯣꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯈꯣꯉꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯐꯠꯇꯕ ꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯗꯥꯎꯅꯇꯥꯎꯅꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯒꯣꯜꯗꯦꯟ ꯒꯦꯠꯇ, ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔꯅ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯦꯜꯆꯤꯞꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯇꯣꯀꯟ, ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯆꯦꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯠ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯂꯗ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯅꯅ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ 25% ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯊꯤꯈꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ

1978ꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥ

ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯤꯐꯠ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯈꯤ, ꯗꯥꯎꯅꯇꯥꯎꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯇ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯃꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯣꯠꯕꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ: ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯇꯟꯊꯕꯒꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯐꯠ ꯍꯣꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ꯫ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯛꯂꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯊꯤꯂꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯕ ꯔꯣꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯐꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯔꯀꯁ ꯁꯔꯀꯁꯇ ꯑꯌꯨꯛ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯠ 25ꯗ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ: ꯇꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯁꯥ-ꯑꯏꯪꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣ ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯠꯇ ꯍꯨꯏꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯣꯛ꯫ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯟꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯛꯈꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯠꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯡꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ ꯍꯣꯌꯔꯃꯥꯟꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯩ ꯆꯥꯛꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯥꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯉꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯈꯉꯈꯤꯗꯦ; ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗꯤ ꯆꯤꯞꯀꯤ ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯛꯂꯤꯕꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯥꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫

ꯊꯥ ꯇꯔꯥꯍꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯗ ꯈꯣꯉꯆꯠ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯔꯇꯔꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅ, ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯈꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤ꯫ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1978ꯗ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯕꯇ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗ $1,000ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯍꯥꯔꯗꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯊꯥꯖꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫

ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ, 1980–1981

ꯋꯥꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯇ ꯊꯃꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯔꯦꯗꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯚꯤꯌꯨ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯌꯦꯠ ꯃꯥꯔꯛ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯨꯏꯠꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯍꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯁꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ: ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯨꯏꯇꯅ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯏꯆ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯀꯤꯠ ꯕꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯣꯃꯅ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯟꯆ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯆ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟ ꯑꯆꯨꯞ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯦꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯖꯔ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞ ꯃꯈꯨꯠꯇ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗ ꯕꯖꯔ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯅ ꯁꯤꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯄꯟ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ: ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ “ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯒꯅꯨ”꯫ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯎꯟꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯍꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯍꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫

ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1981ꯗ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯏꯕ ꯊꯣꯃꯁ ꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ $2,500 ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯄꯨꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯨꯃꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯏꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯣꯏꯖꯅ ꯊꯜꯂꯤ, ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯤꯌꯣꯟ ꯁꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣ ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯨꯟꯊꯍꯅꯈꯤ; ꯃꯣꯇꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯤꯚꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯁꯨ ꯃꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯐꯒꯠꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ꯫ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯖꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫

44% ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ

ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ, 35:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 38ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 35 ꯗ 1 ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯗ 5.26% ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ 44%ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 25ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯕꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ: ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯆꯤꯞ 25 ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯤꯞ 36 ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯉꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯨꯝ ꯐꯥꯎꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ

35 ꯗ 1ꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯟꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ $100 ꯊꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ $10,000 ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ $20,000 ꯃꯥꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕꯅꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯖꯩ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ 44%ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 100ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯁꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯣꯜꯁꯦꯜꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯣꯜꯁꯥꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ꯫ ꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕꯗ ꯊꯃꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯕꯅꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1978ꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯂꯟ ꯂꯨꯏꯁꯅ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯊꯝꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯈꯟꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯔꯈꯛ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫

ꯀꯌꯥ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ

ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯨꯏꯠꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯕꯗ $15,000 ꯃꯇꯧ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯌꯔ ꯂꯦꯇꯤ ꯕꯦꯂꯤꯅꯗꯒꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔꯅ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯡ 3,500, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯨꯏꯇꯅ 3,000 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯦꯀꯥꯔꯗꯅ 2,000 ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯈꯛ ꯂꯩ꯫ 1983ꯗ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔꯅ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯒꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯗ 20ꯗꯒꯤ 40% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯎꯠꯂꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯨꯅ꯫ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ, ꯕꯦꯂꯤꯅꯅ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯊꯤꯕꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ; ꯃꯦ 1985ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁꯅꯤ꯫ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯅ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯔ, ꯄꯦꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯄꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯀꯦꯑꯣꯁꯀꯤ ꯇꯃꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯅꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯕ

ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯣꯉꯆꯇꯇ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯣꯃꯁ ꯕꯥꯁ (Thomas Bass)ꯅ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯈꯤꯕꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ The Eudaemonic Pie (1985)ꯗ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯥꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯨꯅ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯠꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯍꯟꯊꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯔꯛ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ 1901ꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯂꯣꯏ (ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ), ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯣꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ 1962ꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ, ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯗꯤ 1961ꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ