ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯛꯇꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯦꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ, ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ, ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ-ꯃꯅꯥꯑꯣ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯒꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫
ꯆꯛꯔ ꯂꯩꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ
- 1654
ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯔꯃꯥ: ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯁꯃꯁ꯭ꯌꯥ; ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ - 1655ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ
ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯖ ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯂꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯤꯔꯒ, ꯆꯨꯃꯗ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ; ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫
ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯖ ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯜ: ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ - 1657
ꯍꯣꯏꯒꯦꯟꯁꯅ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯦꯛꯇꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
- 1713
ꯌꯥꯀꯣꯞ ꯕꯔꯅꯨꯂꯤ, Ars Conjectandi: ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ꯫
ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯅꯛꯅꯕ: ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ - 1740 ꯁꯤꯡꯔꯣꯂꯤ-ꯄꯣꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ E.O.
ꯏꯉ꯭ꯂꯦꯟꯗꯀꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯨꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯖꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯤꯖꯣꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯅꯥꯅ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ? ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ - 1754
ꯗꯥꯂꯥꯝꯕꯦꯌꯔꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤ꯫
ꯗꯥꯂꯥꯝꯕꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ - 1758
ꯅꯨꯋꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ (ꯀꯨꯏꯕꯦꯛ)ꯅ ꯗꯥꯏꯁ, ꯍꯣꯀꯥ, ꯐꯦꯔꯣ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ “ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ” ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ: ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯔꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫
- 1760ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ
“ꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯦꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯗꯤꯛꯁꯅꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ
ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ
- 1796ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁ, ꯄꯥꯂꯦ-ꯔꯣꯌꯥꯜ
ꯖꯥꯛ ꯂꯥꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯜ La Roulette ꯅ ꯄꯥꯂꯦ-ꯔꯣꯌꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯅꯤ, 0 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 00, ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯅꯤ꯫
ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 1800ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯒꯜ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯈꯤ: ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ꯫
ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ - 1837
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ; ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫
- 1841
ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯅꯤꯅ ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯣꯌꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ - 1843ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯣꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯨꯏ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡꯅ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔꯅ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯒ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ꯫
ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ - 1863ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ
ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ, ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡꯅ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ; ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯅꯤ꯫
ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 1866
ꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯌꯦꯚꯁ꯭ꯀꯤ, The Gambler꯫
ꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯌꯦꯚꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯇꯦꯟꯕꯔꯒ - 1868
ꯅꯤꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯔꯦꯜꯋꯦ꯫
ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯗꯤ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ-ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ - 1869
ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣꯅ ꯏꯅꯀꯝ ꯇꯦꯛꯁ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
- 1872
ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯈꯤ꯫
ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ
- 1870ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯂꯥꯕꯨꯁꯦꯌꯔꯅ ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯗ ꯀꯦꯟꯁꯦꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫
ꯂꯥꯕꯨꯁꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ - ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ 1880ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ
ꯌꯣꯔꯛꯁꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯏꯒꯠꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ; ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ: ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ - 1891ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯋꯦꯂꯁꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯛ-ꯍꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯂꯥꯛ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯃꯗ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ꯫
ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ - 1900
ꯄꯤꯌꯔꯁꯟꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯥꯏ-ꯁ꯭ꯛꯕꯦꯌꯥꯔ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯀꯥꯏ-ꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ - 1907
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯃꯨꯗ꯭ꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯍꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫
- 1913
ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯨꯕ 26꯫
ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ - 1931
ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫
ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ - 1940ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯎꯂꯥꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯟ ꯅꯣꯏꯃꯥꯟꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯅꯈꯤ꯫
- 1953
ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯡ, Casino Royale: ꯕꯣꯟꯗꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯗꯖꯟ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫
ꯖꯦꯃꯁ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ - 1961
ꯊꯣꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯅ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ - 1965
ꯗꯨꯕꯤꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯕꯦꯖꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯊꯧꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ (bold play) ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ꯫
- 1969
ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯚꯦꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯅꯁ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯈꯤ꯫
ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ: ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ - 1977–81
ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯗ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯠꯂꯕ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ: 1978ꯗ ꯈꯣꯉꯎꯄꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ, 1981ꯗ ꯈꯣꯉꯎꯞ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ꯫
ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ - 1985
ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯅ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯁꯟ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯁꯅ The Eudaemonic Pie ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ
ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ
- ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥ 20ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯁꯍꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ 1990 ꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯅꯂꯥꯏꯟ RNG ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2000 ꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯝ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯤꯑꯣꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫
ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 1990ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ
ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯅ ꯃꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ; ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ; ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ (2004)꯫
ꯒꯣꯟꯖꯥꯂꯣ ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣ: ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ - 1996
RNG ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ RNG ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 2003–06
ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯝ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ; ꯔꯤꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯜꯇꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ - 2004
ꯔꯤꯠꯖꯇ ꯇꯤꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯊꯨꯡꯐꯝ ꯈꯟꯗꯨꯅ £1.3 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ; ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯝꯕ ꯂꯦꯖꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ; ꯆꯥꯔꯖ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦ - 2005
ꯌꯨ.ꯀꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ: ꯔꯤꯃꯣꯠ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ꯫
ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯃꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 2012
ꯁ꯭ꯃꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ - 2013
ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯖꯔꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 2016
ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ꯫
ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 2018
ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯗꯦꯔꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁ-ꯕꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ; ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫
- 2021
ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯗꯔꯂꯦꯟꯗꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯒꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫
ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ - 2026
ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ: ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ, ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ꯫
ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯄꯔꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ
ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯂꯕ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯗꯁ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯈꯛ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ (1843, ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ (1800ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯒꯜ, 2016ꯗ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ)꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ, ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯉꯥꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ: ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ 36/n − 1꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯂꯒꯤꯗꯨ꯫ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯦꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯅꯤ; ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫
ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ 19ꯁꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ; ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯦ꯫
ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯦ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯂꯕ, ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯅꯤ, ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.