ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯝꯕ · ꯑꯍꯧꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ · ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ 7

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ: ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯈꯛ꯫

ꯊꯨꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 5:1ꯗꯒꯤ 35:1 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯄꯤꯏ꯫ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2:1 ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ 1:1 ꯄꯤꯏ꯫

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 1–6
ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 12–18
ꯑꯦꯖ
ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ 2.70%
σ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯑꯣ
6× ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ, 35:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯁ꯭ꯞꯂꯤꯠꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯞꯂꯤꯠꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯅꯤ, 17:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ, 11:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯚꯔꯁꯥꯜ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯀꯣꯔꯅꯔꯕꯦꯠꯀꯣꯔꯅꯔꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯀꯣꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯌꯔ ꯇꯧꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ, 8:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ, 5:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯈꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯤꯏ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 37ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 35:1 ꯄꯤꯏ; ꯁꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 5:1 ꯄꯤꯏ꯫ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯁꯦꯜꯆꯤꯞꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯇꯣꯀꯟ, ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯆꯦꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯄꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯉꯥꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ $1ꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯃꯉꯥꯅ $5ꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 70 ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ (ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ, 0 ꯗꯒꯤ 1 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 0% ꯗꯒꯤ 100% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ: 1/37 = 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 15%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ $10ꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ $350 ꯐꯪꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 70 ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯕꯨ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯅꯥꯡꯕ; ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ ꯁꯦꯜ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ $19ꯅꯤ; ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯍꯩꯗꯤ −$700ꯗꯒꯤ +$1,000 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯁꯤꯡ

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯗꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯗꯖꯟ1–12, 13–24 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 25–36, 2:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯀꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯀꯂꯝꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯣꯡꯅꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ, 2:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯔꯨꯖ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯑꯃꯨꯕꯕꯦꯠꯑꯃꯨꯕꯑꯃꯨꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯅꯣꯌꯥꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯕꯤꯖꯣꯔ, ꯖꯣꯔ, ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯀꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯈꯛ ꯄꯤꯏ: ꯗꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ 2:1, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯡꯏ: ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯒꯤꯁꯦꯜꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ, ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ, ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 2.70% ꯃꯥꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯏ꯫

ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤ %
ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ (1)
2.70%
ꯁ꯭ꯞꯂꯤꯠ (2)
5.41%
ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ (3)
8.11%
ꯀꯣꯔꯅꯔ (4)
10.81%
ꯁꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ (6)
16.22%
ꯗꯖꯟ / ꯀꯂꯝ (12)
32.43%
ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ (18)
48.65%
ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤ %
024.3248.65%
ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ÷ 37ꯅꯤ꯫ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ −2.70% ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯦ, ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯕꯒꯦ

ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯏ꯫ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯗꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ 1/37 ꯆꯨꯝꯅ ꯍꯟꯊꯩ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ 2.70% ꯃꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ $10, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 100ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ; ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ꯫

$10 × ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 100ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ
ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ−$27−$27
ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ$584$100
ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ (±1σ)−$611ꯗꯒꯤ +$557−$127ꯗꯒꯤ +$73
p(ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗ)≈ 31%≈ 42%
p(ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯇ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯕ)6.5%≈ 0%
ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ; ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯅꯕ ꯈꯣꯟꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫
ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯄ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ: ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯏ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯈꯅꯕ: ꯑꯦꯖꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯅ

ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯅꯦꯝꯅ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕꯦꯠꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯀꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ: ꯗꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯏ꯫ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯖꯦꯠ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕꯦꯠꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ: ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ, ꯁ꯭ꯞꯂꯤꯠ, ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ, ꯀꯣꯔꯅꯔ, ꯁꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯏ꯫ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯅ ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯅꯤꯌꯝꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ: ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 1.35% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ꯫

ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯔꯥ, ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ $10ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ
+$380$0−$500+$160−$2500125250375500ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯃꯍꯩ
ꯁꯦꯁꯟ 1,000 × ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 · ꯃꯆꯨ ꯑꯃꯨ-ꯂꯩꯃꯜ p10/p25/p75/p90, ꯑꯉꯧ-ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥꯟ, ꯃꯌꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ 81 · ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯟꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯎꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯃꯧꯁ ꯆꯠꯍꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ
  • p10 −$420
  • p25 −$280
  • ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥꯟ −$120
  • p75 +$20
  • p90 +$140
ꯁꯦꯁꯟ 1,000 × ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 · y-ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯁ 1ꯁꯨꯕ–99ꯁꯨꯕ ꯄꯔꯁꯦꯟꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯀꯛꯊꯠꯂꯤ (ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ −$500ꯗꯒꯤ +$620ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ) · ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 · ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ $10 · ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ

ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ

ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯌꯥꯃꯗꯅꯕ

ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯃꯗꯅꯩ: ꯂꯣꯇꯔꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ꯫ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯁꯤꯡꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯕꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ ꯃꯍꯩ꯫ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ −1/37꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ, ꯌꯥꯃꯗꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ 2.70%ꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯦꯌꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯚꯦꯌꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯇ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯦꯝꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯕꯤꯜꯗꯔ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯃꯗꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯊꯤꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫

ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯔꯥ, ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ $10ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ
+$3,340$0−$500+$1,5600125250375500ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯃꯍꯩ
ꯁꯦꯁꯟ 1,000 × ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 · ꯃꯆꯨ ꯑꯃꯨ-ꯂꯩꯃꯜ p10/p25/p75/p90, ꯑꯉꯧ-ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥꯟ, ꯃꯌꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ 83 · ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯟꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯎꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯃꯧꯁ ꯆꯠꯍꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ
  • p10 −$500
  • p25 −$500
  • ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥꯟ −$500
  • p75 +$40
  • p90 +$1,480
ꯁꯦꯁꯟ 1,000 × ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 · y-ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯁ 1ꯁꯨꯕ–99ꯁꯨꯕ ꯄꯔꯁꯦꯟꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯀꯛꯊꯠꯂꯤ (ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ −$500ꯗꯒꯤ +$4,120ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ) · ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 · ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ $10 · ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ
ꯃꯊꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯔꯠꯀꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ꯫

ꯕꯦꯠ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯍꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯅꯥꯅꯣ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯒꯦ, ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯔꯥ?

ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯕꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫

ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯔꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯊꯨꯅꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯔꯥ?

ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯒꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯀꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ

ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗ ꯅꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯊꯨꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ; ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯤꯌꯨ꯫

  1. ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯔꯨꯖ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯗ $10 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯕꯕꯦꯠꯑꯃꯨꯕꯑꯃꯨꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯅꯣꯌꯥꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯣꯏꯕ 17 ꯗ $1 ꯊꯝꯏ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯆꯪꯕꯒꯦ ꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗ $10 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯕꯗ $10 ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯁꯨ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

    ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯎꯠꯄ

    ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ: +$9꯫ 17: +$25꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ: −$11꯫ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ −$11/37, 30¢ ꯈꯔ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ $11 ꯒꯤ 2.70%꯫ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯕ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯗ $20 ꯃꯥꯡꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯗꯦ: −$20/37, $20 ꯒꯤ 2.70%꯫

    ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ 37 ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ 18 ꯊꯣꯛꯏ: $10 ꯅ $10 ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 17 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ $1 ꯃꯥꯡꯏ, +$9꯫ 17 ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯏ: ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯅ $10 ꯃꯥꯡꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ $1 ꯅ $35 ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ, +$25꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯨꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 17 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 18: ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯏ, −$11꯫

    ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ: (18 × 9 + 25 − 18 × 11)/37 = (162 + 25 − 198)/37 = −11/37꯫

    ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯊꯃꯏ: ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗ $10 ꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ 10/37 ꯆꯪꯏ, 17 ꯗ $1 ꯅ 1/37 ꯆꯪꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ 11/37꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯌꯥꯎꯁꯤꯟꯕꯅ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ, ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯦ꯫ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯕ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ 2.70% ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯗ꯫ Hunacek (2025) ꯅ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯃꯁ꯭ꯌꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ 5.26%꯫

ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ

ꯚꯦꯌꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫

ꯚꯦꯌꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫

ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ

  1. Ethier, S. N. The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling. Springer, 2010꯫ ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ 13, ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ꯫
  2. Epstein, R. A. The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, 2nd ed. Academic Press, 2013.
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