ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯗꯤ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ-ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ

ꯌꯨꯝ

ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯚꯤꯂꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ 1878ꯗ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯄꯦꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯂꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯒꯥꯔꯅꯤꯌꯦꯅ ꯁꯥꯜ ꯒꯥꯔꯅꯤꯌꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯇꯣ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯈꯤ: ꯇꯋꯥꯔ ꯑꯅꯤ, ꯁꯃꯨꯗ꯭ꯔꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯇꯦꯔꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯅꯥꯅ ꯁꯦꯃꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯂꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯒꯨꯝ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯗ ꯐꯥꯎꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ꯫ ꯃꯆꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯒ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯦꯂꯤꯌꯔ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯥꯜ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫

ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ

ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯤꯡꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ, ꯐꯦꯜꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯊ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯀꯣꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯇꯦꯕꯜꯀꯣꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯈꯨꯠꯅ ꯊꯝꯗꯅ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯗ ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯚꯣꯌꯥꯖꯦꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯤꯌꯦꯌꯔꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: “ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ”꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯕꯦꯠꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯃꯨꯕ, ꯕꯤꯖꯣꯔ/ꯖꯣꯔ, ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯅꯦꯝꯕ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18, 1:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯅꯤꯌꯝꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ: ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 1.35% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯣꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯡꯅꯤꯌꯝꯑꯣꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯡꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ: ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯗꯅ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯅ ꯈꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯐꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯉꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯂꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯂꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯅꯤ; ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ, ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ “ꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟ ꯅꯦ ꯚꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯨꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ · ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟ ꯅꯦ ꯚꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯨ“ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯆꯠꯂꯣꯏ꯫” ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯂꯥꯎꯕ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →” ꯌꯥꯎꯅ, ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ 19ꯁꯨꯕꯒꯤꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯣꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ

ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕ

ꯕꯦꯠ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯗ 2.70% ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯇ 1.35% ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ, ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ: 1868ꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯜ, ꯆꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯁꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ 1869 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯀꯝ ꯇꯦꯛꯁ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯉ꯭ꯀꯅ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ: ꯑꯦꯖ × ꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁꯦꯜꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ, ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ, ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯅ ꯃꯃꯂꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤ꯫

ꯆꯠꯂꯕꯗ

ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯂꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ 18ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ID ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯉꯍꯜꯂꯤ; ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯁꯨ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯡꯂꯤ꯫ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯉꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯗ ꯁꯥꯜ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ: ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆꯇ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜꯆꯤꯞꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯇꯣꯀꯟ, ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯆꯦꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1863ꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯗꯁ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ