ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ

ꯂꯥꯕ꯭ꯂꯦ, 1801

La Roulette, ou le Jour ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ: ꯄꯦꯂꯦ-ꯔꯣꯌꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯅꯤ, ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ, ꯐꯦꯜꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯊ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯄꯤꯌꯦꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯀꯧꯔꯀꯄꯁꯤꯡ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯃꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯌꯦꯚꯁ꯭ꯀꯤ, 1866

The Gambler ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯤꯁꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯔꯖ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 26ꯗ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯨꯅ ꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯇꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯦꯂꯦꯛꯁꯦꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ “ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯇꯦꯅꯕꯔꯒ” (Roulettenburg)ꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯇꯤꯎꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯗꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯀꯄꯨꯁꯨ, ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ, ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ, ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯒꯨꯝ ꯐꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯂꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯕꯕꯦꯠꯑꯃꯨꯕꯑꯃꯨꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯅꯣꯌꯥꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 26ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯌꯥꯡꯈꯩ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯤꯍꯦꯚꯤꯌꯔꯦꯜ ꯏꯀꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯌꯦꯚꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯇꯦꯟꯕꯔꯒ

ꯊꯦꯀꯔꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡ

Vanity Fair ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯔꯄꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ 1840ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯀꯅꯥ ꯐꯝꯂꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯆ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ: ꯃꯥꯡꯂꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯥꯁꯥ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ꯫ ꯊꯦꯀꯔꯦꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯎꯈꯤ; ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯉ꯭ꯂꯤꯁ ꯈꯣꯉꯆꯠ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯇꯨꯔꯒꯦꯅꯦꯚꯀꯤ Smoke (1867)ꯁꯨ ꯀꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫

ꯖꯦꯛ ꯂꯟꯗꯟ, 1912

Smoke Bellewꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ “Shorty Dreams” ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯦ꯫ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯟꯗꯥꯏꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯃꯣꯛ ꯕꯦꯂꯨꯅ ꯗꯣꯁꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯦꯂꯀꯍꯣꯔꯟ ꯁꯦꯂꯨꯅꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯐꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ, ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯇ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ 3,500, ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯁꯣꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯪ ꯎꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯈꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ “ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯁꯤꯡ”ꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯉꯂꯕ ꯗꯣꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯉꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯅꯣꯠꯕꯨꯛ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯐꯪꯗꯦ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯃꯣꯀꯅ ꯈꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯅ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯅꯤꯐꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯈꯤ꯫

ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯇꯔꯥꯅ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ 10,000ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯀꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯗ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯁꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯀꯄꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯨꯟꯊꯔꯥ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯃꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ, ꯁꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯨꯠꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯋꯥꯁꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ: 9 ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯤꯄꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯕꯣꯜꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯕꯣꯜꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯚꯣꯔꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, 18–21 mm꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗ, 26 ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ; 11 ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯃꯈꯜꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ 00 ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 2.70% ꯗꯒꯤ 5.26% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯊꯣꯀꯏ; ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗ 32 ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ “ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯊꯣꯀꯇꯦ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫” ꯕꯤꯒ ꯕꯔꯛꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯏ, ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯚ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯎꯏ꯫ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯀꯣꯛꯂꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯂꯦꯕꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯛꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯈꯔꯕꯨ 1/37 ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ꯫ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯦ, ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯈꯉꯕ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯉꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫

ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯅ 1897–98ꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯟꯗꯥꯏꯛꯇ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯂꯨꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯉꯈꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯀꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯌꯥꯡꯈꯩ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ: ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ, ꯏꯔꯛꯄ, ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯗꯆꯛꯔꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ, ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯅꯕ ꯄꯦꯇꯔꯟ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯄ꯫ ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯅ 1880 ꯃꯇꯧꯗ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ; ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯚꯔꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯛꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ: ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ

ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯡ, 1953

Casino Royale ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯀꯥꯔꯥꯠꯅꯤ꯫ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯕꯣꯟꯗꯅ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯗꯖꯟꯕꯦꯠꯗꯖꯟ1–12, 13–24 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 25–36, 2:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯀꯚꯔ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯇꯔꯦꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ; ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯈꯉꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯅꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯂꯤꯕ “ꯖꯦꯃꯁ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ”, 19–36, ꯁꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ, 5:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 13–18 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ, ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ; ꯀꯅꯥꯅ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯕꯣꯟꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯈꯉꯗꯦ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ 2.70% ꯆꯪꯏ꯫ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯅꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯁꯤꯡ

ꯅꯟ-ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯟ

ꯊꯣꯃꯁ ꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ The Eudaemonic Pie (1985)ꯅ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯀꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯅꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯑꯦꯄꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯌꯥꯔꯠ ꯏꯊꯤꯌꯔꯅ ꯑꯀꯅꯕ ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁ ꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ Beating the Wheel (1992)ꯅ ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯈꯣꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯪꯏ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫

ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ

ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯅꯅ ꯈꯉꯕ

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