ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯣꯌꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ
ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯃꯈꯜꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ 00 ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 2.70% ꯗꯒꯤ 5.26% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔ꯫
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯣꯌꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ (François Blanc, 1806–1877)ꯅ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ 1843ꯗ ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ “ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯜ” ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯁꯦꯌꯥꯔ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯣꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯂꯨꯏꯅ 1830ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯣꯔꯗꯣꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯀꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯈꯉꯅꯕ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟ ꯈꯨꯕꯝ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤꯠꯔꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯛ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗ ꯂꯛꯖꯃꯕꯔꯒꯇ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ 1841ꯗ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫
ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ
ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯅ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯅꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯤꯁꯕꯥꯗꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯅꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 5.26%ꯗꯒꯤ 2.70%ꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯏꯔꯛꯈꯤ: ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯗꯁ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ, ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯧꯖꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣ
1866ꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅ ꯍꯦꯁꯦ-ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ (ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ 1872ꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯈꯤ), ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ 1863ꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯔꯦꯜꯋꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯀꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯅ ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ; ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ ꯔꯥꯖꯤꯋꯤꯜ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯣꯅꯥꯄꯥꯔꯇ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ꯫
ꯚꯣꯛꯂꯨꯖꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯔꯇꯦꯖꯣꯟꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯨꯏꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯕꯣꯔꯗꯣ: ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯀꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ, ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯇ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯍꯟꯕ, ꯑꯔꯥꯟ ꯈꯨꯕꯝ꯫
ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ꯫
ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ; Société des Bains de Mer ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯔꯦꯜꯋꯦ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯈꯤ; ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯂꯩꯃꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ꯫
ꯁ꯭ꯕꯤꯠꯖꯔꯂꯦꯟꯗꯇ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯉꯈꯤꯕ
ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯕ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕ ꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ 2.70%ꯗ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ 5.26%ꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯈꯤ, ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯕꯨ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯅꯥꯡꯕ; ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ ꯁꯦꯜ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯕ (ꯑꯦꯖ × ꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁꯦꯜꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ, ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ, ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯏꯊꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯦ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡꯒꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯔꯇꯁꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯅꯤ: ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯣꯄꯦꯔꯥ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯜꯋꯦ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ꯫ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯅ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯗꯦ; 2016ꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡꯅꯤ, ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕ꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫
ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯖꯨꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯖꯔꯅꯥꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯧꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯃꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.