ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ

ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯅꯤ

ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯅ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯣꯃꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯃꯦꯁꯟ, ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯂꯦꯕꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯛꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯈꯔꯕꯨ 1/37 ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ꯫ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯦ, ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯈꯉꯕ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯕꯣꯜꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯕꯣꯜꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯚꯣꯔꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, 18–21 mm꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ: ꯃꯍꯩ ꯈꯉꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯂꯧꯏ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯃꯤꯠꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯅꯤ꯫ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯗ, ꯃꯍꯩ ꯈꯉꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ 2004ꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯠꯖ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯥꯈꯤ, ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤ; ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯇ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯏ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯃꯔꯤꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ: ꯆꯛꯔ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ, ꯃꯍꯩ ꯈꯉꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ, ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯅꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯁꯣꯐꯇꯋꯦꯌꯔ꯫ ꯀꯅꯥꯅ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯂꯦ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ 19ꯁꯨꯕꯗ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯗꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ꯫

ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔ, 1890ꯗꯒꯤ 1930ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ

ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯗꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯥꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯖꯣꯟ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯤꯟ (John Philip Quinn)ꯅ 1890ꯗ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯤꯚꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯈꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯐꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯕꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗꯒꯤꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯔꯨꯖ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯨꯕꯕꯦꯠꯑꯃꯨꯕꯑꯃꯨꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯅꯣꯌꯥꯔ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯦꯇꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯈꯥꯌꯦꯠ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯠꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯦꯇꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯛꯄ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯤ: ꯃꯆꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ, ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯗ ꯀꯣꯏꯍꯅꯕꯅ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯕꯕꯨ ꯐꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯆꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯔꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯅꯤꯗꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯤꯅꯅ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯌꯣꯔꯀꯀꯤ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯇꯂꯣꯒ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗ “ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯕ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ” ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯣꯟꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ 1912 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯅꯤ, ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯔ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ: ꯀꯔꯦꯟꯠ ꯂꯩꯔꯀꯄꯗ ꯅꯤꯗꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯟꯊꯔꯀꯏ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯃꯤꯊꯁꯣꯅꯤꯌꯅꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯍꯤꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ ꯁꯤꯀꯥꯒꯣꯗ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕ 1930ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ: ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯕꯇꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯅꯒꯦ

ꯒꯦꯐ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯌꯨꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯔꯦ꯫ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯖꯔꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯕ-ꯂꯩꯇꯕ, ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯀꯣꯏꯕ-ꯀꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ; ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯦꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ; ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯏꯔꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯂꯣꯛꯂꯀꯄꯗ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯀꯚꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯃꯏ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯣꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔꯅ ꯄꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯁꯣꯐꯇꯋꯦꯌꯔꯗ ꯊꯥꯔꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯕꯨ ꯐꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛꯁꯇ ꯎꯔꯀꯏ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯗꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ 2.70% ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯜꯂꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯊꯤꯗꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ

ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ

ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯅꯤ: ꯕꯣꯜ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯦꯜꯆꯤꯞꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯇꯣꯀꯟ, ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯆꯦꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯦꯜꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯁꯦꯜ, ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯄ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ “X ꯗꯒꯤ 1” ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯇꯤꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯨꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯎꯗꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯨꯀꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯈꯨꯠꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅꯤ, ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯛꯀꯟꯗ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯦ꯫

ꯄꯤꯠ ꯕꯣꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ

ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯁ

1970ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯁ (Richard Marcus) ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯐꯣꯔ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯤꯟꯁꯇ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯇꯤꯝ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯈꯤ, ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯞꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯀꯖꯦꯛꯇ ꯆꯍꯤ 25 ꯃꯇꯧ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2000 ꯃꯇꯧꯗ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯐꯪꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ 2003ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯌꯔꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯚꯔꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯅ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯁꯨꯕ ꯗꯖꯟꯕꯦꯠꯗꯖꯟ1–12, 13–24 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 25–36, 2:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯛꯠꯔꯤꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ; ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯗꯖꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ, ꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ $100ꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯔꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ $100ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯃꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯄꯤꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯨꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ $3,500ꯅꯤ꯫ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ, ꯐꯦꯜꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯊ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯩꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇꯤꯃꯗ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯚꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯆꯪꯏ꯫

ꯁꯕꯥꯅꯥ (The Savannah)

ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯁꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯨꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯕꯦꯠꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯀꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ: ꯗꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯗ $5,000ꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ $5ꯀꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯨꯅ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯅꯕ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯏ: ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯗ $5,005, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ $10,010꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯁꯅ ꯁꯨꯃꯍꯠꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯨꯠꯇ ꯂꯣꯠꯂꯕ $5ꯀꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ; ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ $10 ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯄꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯎꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯂꯦꯞꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ $5 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯀꯣꯔꯇ ꯌꯧꯔꯀꯄ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ꯫ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯎꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯅꯤ: ꯕꯣꯜ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯀꯠ-ꯑꯣꯐꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯪꯅꯕ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯈꯟꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥꯅ, ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯎꯔꯀꯏ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ

ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯐꯇꯋꯦꯌꯔ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯅ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯤꯞꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯗꯇ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ 2007ꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥꯗ ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ IT ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯅꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯤꯞ, ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ £600 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯃꯔꯤꯗ £33,000 ꯃꯇꯧ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2010ꯗ ꯁꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯛ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯅꯗ, ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯣꯐꯇꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯒꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯀꯣꯔꯇ ꯌꯧꯔꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯁꯣꯐꯇꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ: 2021ꯗ BetMGMꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯤꯒꯅꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ $50ꯗꯒꯤ $3.3 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯐꯇꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯛꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2025ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯞꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯦꯛꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯅꯤꯡꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ

ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯃꯥꯏ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ

ꯕꯣꯜ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯇꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯕꯅ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯣꯃꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ 2004ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯞꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯅ ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯄꯨꯕꯗꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1985ꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯐꯦꯂꯣꯅꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯦ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ 2005ꯅ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ; 2017ꯗ UK ꯁꯨꯞꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯅ Ivey v Gentingꯇ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯥꯖꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯎꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯣꯟꯖꯥꯂꯣ ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣ: ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ: ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ

ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯃꯥꯏ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ 19ꯁꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯗ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯃꯤ ꯄꯤꯌꯦꯔ ꯗꯨꯒꯥꯜ (Pierre Dugal) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ, ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ 1970ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯣꯠꯂꯕ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣꯅ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯔꯦꯟ (Monique Laurent)ꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ, ꯁꯦꯜ, “ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯉ꯭ꯛ 5 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ” ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ “$1 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ”, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯐꯥꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗ ꯌꯥꯅꯤꯡꯗꯕ ꯚꯔꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯆꯦꯟ, ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ: ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯨꯞꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯁꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯚꯤꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫

ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯦ

ꯗꯤꯂꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯨꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯅꯤ꯫ “ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯦꯃꯑꯣꯡꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯦꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯎꯕ (ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ)꯫ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯝꯕ, ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →” ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯂꯦꯞꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯗꯣꯂꯤꯅꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯗꯣꯂꯤꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯃꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯐꯤꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯨꯃꯍꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯎꯔꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯇꯇ ꯀꯧꯔꯛꯂꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯁꯀꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯔꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯆꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯆꯨ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡꯅꯇꯦꯕꯜꯃꯆꯨ ꯆꯤꯞꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯈꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ, ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯆꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ, ꯕꯥꯏ-ꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯂꯦꯞꯄꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯍꯨꯏꯜ ꯆꯦꯛꯁ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯎꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯊꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯥꯏ-ꯏꯟ

ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ

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