ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯂꯆꯔ · ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ · ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ 7

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ

ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯁꯨꯕ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯅ ꯆꯠꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ꯫

ꯊꯨꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯃꯌꯥꯃꯗ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯃꯈꯜꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ0 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 00 ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ, ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 38, ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 5.26%꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2016ꯗꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯇ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯂꯥꯏ꯫ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯅꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ, ꯐꯦꯜꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯊ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫

ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ
00 · 5.26%
ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡ
ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ · 2.70%
ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯀꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯁꯤꯡ
000 · 7.69%
ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ
ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ, 1978

ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ

ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯉ꯭ꯀꯅ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯁꯇ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ 38-ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯂꯥꯏ: ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ 5.26%, ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯉꯥꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯇ 7.89%꯫ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯇꯦꯕꯜꯀꯣꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯈꯨꯠꯅ ꯊꯝꯗꯅ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯗ ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯚꯣꯌꯥꯖꯦꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯤꯌꯦꯌꯔꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: “ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ”꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯗꯦ; ꯔꯦꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯦꯕꯜꯔꯦꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯚꯦꯜ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ, ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯦꯞ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯎꯔꯤ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯛꯔ

ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗ

ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ $50ꯗꯒꯤ $100 ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ $100ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ $2.70 ꯆꯪꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ $25ꯒꯤ ꯗꯕꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ $1.32 ꯆꯪꯏ; ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯦ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯣꯜꯁꯦꯜꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯣꯜꯁꯥꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ꯫ ꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕꯗ ꯊꯃꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯕꯅꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯑꯣꯗꯁ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫

ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯑꯦꯖ$25ꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯊꯝꯂꯕ $1 ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ
ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ$5–$107.69%$1.927.7¢
ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞ, ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ$10–$255.26%$1.325.3¢
ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ, ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ$50–$1002.70%$0.682.7¢
ꯗꯥꯎꯅꯇꯥꯎꯟ, ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ$55.26%$1.325.3¢
ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕ ꯐꯝꯐꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯗꯁ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ

2016ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯅ 0, 00 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯒꯣ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ 000 ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 39ꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯇ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯈꯤ꯫ 7.69% ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ $5ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯐꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯃꯤꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯗꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯀꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫

ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ, $10 × ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 100, ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ$
ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ (ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ)
$27
ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ
$53
ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ
$77
$
038.50$77

ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯠꯖ, ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯒꯤ ꯚꯔꯁꯟ

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ 1978ꯗ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯠꯂꯕ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ, 1981ꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯄꯀꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯠꯇꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1961ꯗ ꯊꯣꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯅꯟꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ 1985ꯗ ꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗꯥꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯦꯂꯣꯅꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯨꯏꯜ ꯍꯦꯗꯁꯤꯡꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯍꯨꯏꯜ ꯍꯦꯗꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ: ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯄ ꯀꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ

ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ (ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯣꯇꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯎꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ $25 ꯆꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ $1 ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯣꯗꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯅꯤ: ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯃꯈꯜꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ 00 ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 2.70% ꯗꯒꯤ 5.26% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ꯫ ꯔꯦꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯜ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯤꯇꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯤꯟꯗ ꯐꯪꯏ꯫

ꯗꯣꯝ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ $25ꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇ $1 ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ 1991ꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯗꯥꯎꯅꯇꯥꯎꯅꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯔ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯤꯟꯁꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯗꯕꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ 36 ꯗ 1 ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯨꯅ 2.63% ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ; ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ 1980ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯣꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁ ꯋꯔꯜꯗꯅ “ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ” (Polish Roulette) ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ 0 ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ 00 ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗ $5 ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯗ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ: ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯅꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯔꯥꯞꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ $5ꯀꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯅꯤ: $1ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯕ ꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯅꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯅ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯈꯛ ($1, $2, $4) ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤꯗꯦ; ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯀꯄꯅꯥ, ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ 50-50 ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯅ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ($7 ꯃꯥꯡꯕ) ꯑꯁꯤ $1ꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯅ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ($3 ꯐꯪꯕ)ꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ ꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯇꯔꯦꯠ $1 ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ $7 ꯃꯥꯡꯕ, ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫

ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯕꯣꯅꯁ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯇ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯕꯔꯥ?

ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯈꯔꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯄꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ “ꯁꯔꯦꯟꯗꯔ” ꯂꯩꯕꯔꯥ?

ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯇꯂꯥꯟꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯎꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯃꯨꯕ, ꯕꯤꯖꯣꯔ/ꯖꯣꯔ, ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯅꯦꯝꯕ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18, 1:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 2.63% ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕꯅꯣ: ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯗ $5 ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯗ $10?

$5 × 7.69% = ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ 38¢; $10 × 5.26% = 53¢꯫ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯄꯜ-ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ

ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫

ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫

ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ

  1. Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie. Houghton Mifflin, 1985꯫
  2. Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling. Gotham, 2006꯫
  3. Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.” Review of the International Statistical Institute 37(3), 1969꯫
  4. Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette. CRC Press, 2021꯫ ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ 2, ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ꯫
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