ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯁꯤꯡ
ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ 17, ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯗꯕ 13, ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯈꯣꯠꯄ, “ꯖꯤꯔꯣ” ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯝ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯂꯦ: ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯐꯝꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯅ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ꯫ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯦ; ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯔꯅ ꯕꯖꯦꯠ ꯉꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ꯫
ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ
ꯇꯔꯥꯇꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ: ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ, ꯐꯦꯜꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯊ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →ꯀꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯩ, 1963 ꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯠ-ꯚꯤꯟꯁꯦꯟꯇ ꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯊꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯣꯟ ꯀꯣꯅꯦꯔꯤ (Sean Connery)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ (ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ 35:1 ꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ), ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯚꯣꯌꯥꯖꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯇꯔꯥꯍꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯇꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯊꯤꯏ꯫ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 4 ꯂꯥꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ 1–31 ꯗ 32–36 ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ: ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯛꯔꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇ 35:1 ꯄꯤ꯫
ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡ
ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜꯆꯤꯞꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯇꯣꯀꯟ, ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯆꯦꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →ꯗ ꯈꯣꯠꯄ, ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯣꯛꯄ, ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯃꯊꯧꯗ ꯆꯤꯞ ꯊꯝꯕ, ꯕꯣꯜꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯕꯣꯜꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯚꯣꯔꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, 18–21 mm꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯕ, ꯕꯣꯜ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯗꯕ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ “ꯂꯥꯛꯎ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18 ꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯔꯨꯖ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ꯫ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯎꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ: ꯈꯔꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ “ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯣꯟꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯦ, ꯈꯔꯅ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯟꯆ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯦ꯫ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ: ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯔꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯞꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯇꯥꯕꯗꯨꯅ ꯇꯧꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ꯫
ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐꯝꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ
ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯩ, ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯐꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯐꯝꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ “ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ” ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯦ ꯈꯉꯏ (ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯐꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ)꯫ ꯂꯦꯕꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ-ꯁꯤꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯄꯣꯊꯤꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ “ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯗꯤꯂꯔ” ꯒꯤ ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ ꯉꯃꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯦ
ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯝ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯐꯃꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯨꯅ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯏ: ꯇꯃꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯂꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇ ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯅꯔꯅ ꯇꯥꯏꯃꯔꯗ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯆꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯂꯦꯛꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯥꯏꯃꯔꯗ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯆꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
ꯊꯝꯖꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ
“ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯗꯦ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯊꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯁꯥꯕꯒ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯔꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯖꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ, ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ, ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯦ꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯣꯗꯁ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯦ꯫ ꯑꯣꯅꯂꯥꯏꯟꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯦ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯃꯤꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯧꯕꯅꯤ꯫
ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ; ꯁꯦꯟꯠ-ꯚꯤꯟꯁꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ 1/37 ꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ 50,653 ꯗ 1 ꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯃꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯊꯣꯀꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →ꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ 2.70% ꯒꯤ ꯆꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Skinner, B. F. “‘Superstition’ in the pigeon.”
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Wykes, A. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Gambling.