ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯉꯛꯄ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯉꯀꯄ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯛ-ꯍꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫
1891ꯗ ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯋꯦꯂꯁ (Charles Wells)ꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ꯫ 1892ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ “ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯕ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯖꯦꯂꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯀꯅꯥꯅꯣ
ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯗꯦꯚꯤꯜ ꯋꯦꯂꯁ (1841–1922) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯣꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ 1891ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ £4,000 ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯃꯉꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯃꯖꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ £40,000 ꯃꯇꯧ ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯃꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯎꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯄꯦꯇꯔꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯎꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯦ; ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯃꯥꯔꯇꯤꯟꯒꯦꯜꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯅꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯊꯕꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ: ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ, ꯐꯦꯜꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯊ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯜꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯕꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ ꯃꯍꯩ꯫ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ −1/37꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯃꯛꯇꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ, 0 ꯗꯒꯤ 1 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 0% ꯗꯒꯤ 100% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ: 1/37 = 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯗ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯦꯂꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯋꯦꯂꯁꯅꯤ꯫
ꯏꯁꯩ
ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯀꯣꯕꯣꯔꯅꯅ ꯁꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯒꯤꯜꯕꯔꯠꯀꯤ “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” (1892) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯛ ꯍꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯇꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯀꯄꯨ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯕꯨꯂꯦꯚꯥꯔꯗꯇ ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯆꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯒꯥ “ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯉꯀꯄ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯦ꯫
ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ
ꯋꯦꯂꯁ ꯂꯝꯍꯥꯡ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ 1891–92ꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕ ꯌꯥꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯄꯦꯂꯦ ꯔꯣꯌꯦꯜ (Palais Royale)ꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯌꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ 1892ꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯄꯨꯂꯤꯁꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯚꯔꯗ ꯐꯥꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ 1893ꯗ ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ 1899ꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, 1906ꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1911 ꯃꯇꯧꯗ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁꯇ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ 1% ꯋꯥꯁꯀꯄ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯖꯦꯂꯗ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ 1922ꯗ ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯗ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ꯫ 1891ꯗ £40,000 ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯇꯤꯗ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫
ꯍꯥꯔꯠꯐꯣꯔꯗꯁꯥꯌꯔꯗ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯤ꯫
ꯄꯦꯇꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ: ꯀꯌꯥ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏ; ≈ £40,000 ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ꯫
ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯏ; ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ꯫
ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯏꯁꯩ, 1892꯫ ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣꯗ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫
ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯐꯪꯏ; ꯆꯍꯤ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ꯫
ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ꯫
ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯇ ꯖꯦꯂꯗ ꯊꯥꯏ꯫
ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯗ ꯁꯤꯏ꯫
ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯦ
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ “ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ” ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ; ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯚꯦꯌꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯇ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯦꯝꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯖꯦꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯃꯣꯅꯤꯌꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯋꯦꯂꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯃꯣꯅꯤꯌꯦꯂꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯃꯗꯅꯤ꯫
ꯊꯥꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ, ꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ꯫
ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯊꯃꯖꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ; ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯗ, ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Quinn, R. The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo.
- Old Bailey Proceedings Online. Trial of Charles Wells, March 1893 (t18930306-349).
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.