ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯅꯤꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ

ꯔꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯆꯠꯕꯒꯦ

ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ; ꯗꯤꯂꯔꯅ ꯂꯤꯚꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯤꯡꯏ; 50×ꯗꯒꯤ 500× ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ “ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ” ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯏ; ꯕꯣꯜꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯕꯣꯜꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯚꯣꯔꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, 18–21 mm꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯏꯏ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯕ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯐꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯏ꯫ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ 29:1 ꯄꯤꯏ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯞꯂꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯞꯂꯤꯠꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯅꯤ, 17:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ, 11:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ: ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯚꯔꯁꯥꯜ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯀꯣꯔꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯀꯣꯔꯅꯔꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯀꯣꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯌꯔ ꯇꯧꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ, 8:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯗꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯗꯖꯟ1–12, 13–24 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 25–36, 2:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯀꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯀꯂꯝꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯣꯡꯅꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ, 2:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯃꯨꯕ, ꯕꯤꯖꯣꯔ/ꯖꯣꯔ, ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯅꯦꯝꯕ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18, 1:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯅꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫

ꯁꯦꯜ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕꯒꯦ: ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯅꯤꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯆꯥꯔꯠ

ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ, 35:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯅ 1/37ꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ 35 ꯄꯤꯏ: EV −2.70%꯫ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯃꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯦꯜꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯁꯦꯜ, ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯄ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ “X ꯗꯒꯤ 1” ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 29ꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ (29 − 36)/37 = −18.9%ꯒꯤ EV ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄꯤꯏ: ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ 97.1%ꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ 2.9%ꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯜꯂꯕꯗꯈꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗꯈꯛꯇ꯫ ꯔꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ 29:1ꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ 18.9% ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯚꯦꯌꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯚꯦꯌꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯇ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯦꯝꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯅꯤꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯒꯦ

ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯕꯦꯠꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯀꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ: ꯗꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯉꯥꯜ ꯁꯣꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤ; ꯑꯦꯖ 2.70%ꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯏ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯣꯇꯔꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯠ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ: 500×ꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯦꯜꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠꯇ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ ꯂꯧꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯩ; ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯦ꯫ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯇ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ 29 ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯇꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯇꯩ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯁꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯂꯁꯤꯡ

ꯗꯕꯜ-ꯕꯣꯜ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ (ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ: ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯁꯤꯡ 2.8%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ, ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ 5.33%, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ), ꯃꯍꯩ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯣꯅꯁ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯅꯁ ꯔꯥꯎꯟꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ “ꯃꯦꯒꯥ” ꯃꯈꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ: ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤꯅꯤ, ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯐꯤꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

ꯕꯣꯅꯁ ꯔꯥꯎꯟꯗꯀꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ