ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ
ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 37, 2.70%꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯅꯤ꯫
“ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯅꯤ꯫ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯪꯈꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇꯅꯤ꯫
ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯈꯂꯁꯤꯡ
“ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇꯦꯕꯜꯗ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯇꯦꯕꯜ, ꯐꯦꯜꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯊ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →, ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯦꯜꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯁꯦꯜ, ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯄ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ “X ꯗꯒꯤ 1” ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯏ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯀꯤꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯕꯦꯠꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯃꯨꯕ, ꯕꯤꯖꯣꯔ/ꯖꯣꯔ, ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕ/ꯑꯅꯦꯝꯕ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ 18, 1:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯀꯔꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯩ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 1.35%ꯗꯒꯤ 7.69% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯏ꯫
ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯦ
ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯦ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ, 35:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 37 ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ 35:1 ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 38 ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯗꯁꯨ 35:1 ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯡꯕ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ: ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 37ꯗꯒꯤ 38 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯗ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ 1/37ꯗꯒꯤ 2/38 ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ꯫
ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ
$10ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 100ꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯃꯥꯡꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯃꯂꯕꯨ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯅꯥꯡꯕ; ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖ ꯁꯦꯜ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ $27ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ $53ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯁꯤ $1,400 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ $2,700 ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ, ꯎꯕꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ꯫ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯀꯟꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛꯅꯤ: ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤꯁꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏ꯫
ꯄꯦꯔꯥꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ
1790ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯝꯃꯤ꯫ 1843ꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯣꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯨꯏ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ (François and Louis Blanc)ꯅ ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯨꯔꯒꯇ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯤꯁꯕꯥꯗꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ꯫ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤ; ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ 1863ꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯃꯈꯜꯗꯕꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ 00 ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 2.70% ꯗꯒꯤ 5.26% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯗ ꯍꯤꯡꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯠꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯂꯩꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯈꯤ꯫
ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟꯗ ꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯊꯤꯕ
ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯗ “ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ” ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ “ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ” ꯊꯤꯕꯤꯌꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯐꯣ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯜꯗ ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯅꯤꯌꯝꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ: ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 1.35% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯂꯩꯕꯔꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯂꯣꯕꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯤꯛꯁ ꯈꯉꯂꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯈꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯤ; ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯆꯛꯔ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯅꯃꯈꯜꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯑꯣꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 1.35% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯣꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯡꯅꯤꯌꯝꯑꯣꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯡꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ: ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯗꯅ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯇꯪꯈꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇ 2.70%ꯅꯤ꯫
ꯁꯦꯜ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯀꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯀꯣꯊꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯜꯂꯤ꯫
ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯦ꯫ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ 37 ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯟ ꯆꯛꯔꯗ 38 ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯅꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯨꯡꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ; ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯖ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯏ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Ethier, S. N. The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.