ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ
ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ꯫
1840ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ, ꯚꯤꯁꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯁꯍꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯣꯏꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯅꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯅ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅ 1872ꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯈꯤ꯫
ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ
ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ 19ꯁꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯍꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯜ, ꯀꯟꯁꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, 1820ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯅꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯔꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯤꯁꯕꯥꯗꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯔꯍꯥꯎꯁꯅ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯇ-ꯑꯦ-ꯀꯥꯔꯥꯟꯠ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯈꯤ; 1837ꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫
ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕ
ꯕꯥꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯅꯤꯅ 1841ꯗ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1843ꯗ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ: ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯦꯖꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ 2.70%꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 5.26%ꯗꯒꯤ 2.70%ꯗ ꯇꯉꯥꯏ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡ ꯍꯦꯁꯦꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯃꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫
ꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯌꯦꯚꯁ꯭ꯀꯤ
ꯐ꯭ꯌꯣꯗꯣꯔ ꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯌꯦꯚꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯅ 1860ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯚꯤꯁꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯕꯟꯙꯛ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ The Gambler (1866) ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ 26ꯗ ꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯇꯦꯟꯕꯔꯒ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯂꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ 1871ꯗ, ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ꯫
1872
ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯌꯥꯅ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯈꯤ; ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ 1872ꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ 1863ꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯅꯥꯀꯣꯗ ꯆꯠꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ꯫ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ 20ꯁꯨꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ (ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ-ꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ 1933ꯗ, ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯤꯁꯕꯥꯗꯦꯟ ꯂꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯁꯤ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ꯫
ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ
ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ, ꯔꯤꯖꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯃꯂꯗ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ: ꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯌꯦꯚꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯦꯛꯁꯩ, ꯇꯨꯔꯒꯦꯅꯦꯚꯀꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯜ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯆꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ 2.70%ꯅꯤ; ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ
ꯍꯣꯌ꯫ ꯀꯨꯔꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ 1933ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯔꯇꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫
ꯅꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ꯌꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯃꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯂꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫
ꯅꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯤꯛ
ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯅꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍꯣꯝꯕꯔꯒꯅ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯗ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛ ꯅꯩꯈꯤ꯫
ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.