ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ: ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ

ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯍꯣꯕꯁꯟ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ 2 ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1830ꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯐꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯐꯦꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯐꯇ ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯨꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯜꯗꯥ ꯇꯥꯎꯅꯦꯟꯗꯀꯥ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯞꯄ ꯐꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ: ꯋꯦꯌꯔꯍꯥꯎꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯋꯥꯔꯞ ꯌꯥꯔꯟ ꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯅꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯃꯦꯅꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯗ ꯐꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ꯫ 1861ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯁꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯀꯣꯇꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯐ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ 1881ꯒꯤ ꯋꯤꯂꯅ ꯃꯦꯅꯨꯐꯦꯛꯆꯔꯔ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ “ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯛ” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫

ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ 1860ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ London Gazette ꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯂꯦꯟꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯀꯥꯁꯜꯗ ꯇꯥꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯥꯏꯑꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯔ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯍꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯔꯤꯇꯦꯖ ꯍꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯔꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯉꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ 1880 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 1881ꯗ ꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯞꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯔꯕꯁꯨ꯫

ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ

ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯤꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯂꯒꯤ Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play (1901)ꯅꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯂꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ “ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯁ” ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯀꯧꯏ, ꯌꯣꯔꯀꯁꯥꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯁꯅ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯔꯛ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯆꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯏꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯐꯝꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ £120,000 ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯁꯅ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯔꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯆꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯈꯥꯌꯦꯟꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯗꯒꯤ £40,000 ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ £80,000 ꯃꯔꯛ ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯉ꯭ꯛ 25ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯅꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯂꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ “ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯨꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ” ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯂꯅ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯛꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔꯅ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ, ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ ꯊꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯗ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯏꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯒꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ ꯇꯥꯀꯍꯟꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫

ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ

ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ ꯈꯉꯂꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ

ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯃꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ 1880 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 1881ꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ 1881ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯁꯇ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯕꯨ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯣꯒꯁ꯭ꯠ 1881ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯐꯣꯔꯗꯀꯤ 6 ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯚꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ, ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯕꯀꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ “ꯃꯔꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ”ꯗꯒꯤ, ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯕꯦꯡꯀꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ “ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯞꯄ” ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯉꯥꯡꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1 ꯃꯦ 1884 ꯇꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ꯫

ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯍꯞꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, 1880 ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯒꯤ 1884 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯁꯨ ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯃꯗꯦ꯫

ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯀꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯃꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ

ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯔꯛ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯀꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯈꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯜꯂꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯏꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯦꯜꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯔꯦꯜꯋꯦ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯔ ꯑꯣꯠꯁ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯇꯥꯀꯄ ꯉꯃꯗꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯟꯖꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯅꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯆꯤꯟ-ꯃꯅꯥꯑꯣ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ

ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯁꯣꯔꯁꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯗ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ꯫ ꯐꯥꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯇ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ 1930ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯤꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯕ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯂꯣꯚꯠꯁꯣꯐꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ: ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯐꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ꯫ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫

ꯑꯌꯨꯛ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯠ ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯂꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯗꯣꯜꯐ ꯁ꯭ꯃꯤꯊꯅ 1912 ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯎꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯂꯣꯚꯠꯁꯣꯐꯅ 1937ꯗ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯁꯝꯗꯦ꯫

ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯗꯤ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ-ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ

ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯒꯗꯒꯦ

ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯒꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯣꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯈꯛ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯕꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ, 35:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯅ 35:1 ꯄꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯄꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 36ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 37ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ꯫

ꯀ꯭ꯂꯔꯀꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯝꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯁꯤ: ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 15,000꯫ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ 405 ꯃꯔꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ, 20 ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ꯫ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ 465 ꯊꯣꯀꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕ “ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯍꯟꯊꯕ” ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 32ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯅ 11.6% ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯤ: ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯆꯤꯞꯁꯦꯜꯆꯤꯞꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯇꯣꯀꯟ, ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯆꯦꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 32.3 ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯞ 36 ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯏ꯫ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕꯅ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 500 ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯟꯖꯕꯅꯤ; ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯀꯅꯥꯅ ꯏꯊꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫

ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯜ ꯁꯥꯏꯖꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ-ꯑꯞ ꯕꯦꯠ

ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ

ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯅ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ 1881ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯐꯣꯔꯗꯀꯤ ꯂꯤꯇꯜ ꯍꯣꯔꯇꯟꯗ 6 ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯚꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ, ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯦꯔꯦꯁ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯌꯥꯃꯗꯕꯗ ꯀꯨꯟꯊ꯭ꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯗꯥꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯥꯖꯩ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯗ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ 25 ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ 1892ꯗ 25 ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯚꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯇ ꯆꯍꯤ 61 ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯄꯗ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ; ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠꯅ ꯗꯥꯏꯕꯦꯇꯤꯁ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯜꯐꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯜ ꯆꯦꯄꯂꯗ ꯂꯩꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯠ ꯃꯃꯜ £1,710ꯅꯤ꯫

ꯏꯁꯩ

“The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯍꯤ 1892ꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯁꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯊꯥꯖꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯒꯤꯂꯕꯔꯠꯅ ꯄꯦꯄꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯋꯦꯂꯁꯀꯤ 1891ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯈꯤ (ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ)꯫ ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯀꯤꯡꯁ꯭ꯇꯅꯅ 1925ꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ: ꯏꯀꯥꯌꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯣꯔꯀꯁꯥꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ