ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ

ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ (1830–1892)

ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯐꯣꯔꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯐꯇꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯁꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯦꯅꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯔꯝ 1860ꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯈꯤ꯫ 1880 ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯏꯊꯝꯍꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ, 1901ꯒꯤ ꯚꯤꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ £120,000 ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ £40,000 ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ £80,000 ꯃꯔꯛ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯄꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯒꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯡꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯥꯏꯑꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯔ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯆꯔ (2018), ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯍꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ 1880 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 1881ꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ, ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ 1873 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 1875 ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯔꯛ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯊꯦꯂꯒꯤꯅꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯄꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯃꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ 1951ꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯊꯣꯔꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ 1892ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯦ꯫ ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯖꯦꯒꯔ: ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ

ꯆꯥꯔꯂꯁ ꯋꯦꯂꯁ (1841–1922)

1891ꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯈꯣꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯦ ꯀꯥꯔꯂꯣꯗ ꯂꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯉꯀꯄ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ £40,000 ꯃꯔꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕ ꯉꯃꯗꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯛ-ꯍꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯃꯗ “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ, ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯖꯦꯂꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯅꯤ꯫

ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ

ꯍꯤꯕꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯣꯜꯐꯣꯔꯗ (1947)

1947ꯗ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯤꯀꯥꯒꯣꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯅꯤ, ꯃꯦꯊꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯇ ꯃꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯔꯁ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯂꯕꯔꯠ ꯍꯤꯕꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯦꯟꯇ ꯔꯣꯏ ꯋꯣꯜꯐꯣꯔꯗꯅ ꯔꯤꯅꯣꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯊꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯨꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ 38ꯗ 1ꯅ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯈꯔꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ꯫ Life ꯃꯦꯒꯥꯖꯤꯅꯅ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1947ꯗ “How to Win $6,500” ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯍꯦꯗꯂꯥꯏꯅꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ; ꯍꯤꯕꯁ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1998ꯗ ꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ 1949–50ꯗ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ 40-ꯐꯨꯠꯀꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯕꯤꯌꯅꯗ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍꯤꯕꯁ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯂꯁꯟ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯉꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯣꯜꯐꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯔꯤꯁꯔꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯕꯥꯏꯌꯥꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ 1955ꯗ ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯂꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫

ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯤ (1966)

1966ꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯊꯥꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯉ꯭ꯂꯤꯁ ꯃꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯤꯅ ꯃꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯇꯤꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯁꯤꯄꯥꯂꯗ ꯄꯨꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯟꯁ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁ ꯂꯥꯕꯨꯁꯦꯌꯔꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯂꯥꯕꯨꯁꯦꯌꯔꯀꯛꯊꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ: ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯏꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯊꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯀꯛꯊꯠꯄꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ Thirteen Against the Bank (1976) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯁꯥꯛꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯄ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ: ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁ ꯂꯥꯕꯨꯁꯦꯌꯔꯅ ꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯅꯤꯌꯝꯂꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯥꯖꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ: ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯕꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖ 1.35% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →ꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ ꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯒꯤꯁꯦꯜꯇꯔꯅꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ, ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ, ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → 1.35% ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯈꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯏ (ꯂꯥꯕꯨꯁꯦꯌꯔ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ)꯫ ꯆꯥꯟꯁ ꯇꯔꯨꯛꯇ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯕꯅ ꯂꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯌꯧꯍꯅꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫

ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ: ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯂꯥꯕꯨꯁꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ

ꯊꯣꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯅꯟ (1961)

ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯤꯡꯅ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯀꯖꯦꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯋꯥꯔꯗ ꯊꯣꯔꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯊꯤꯑꯣꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯗ ꯁꯦꯅꯅꯅ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ: ꯁꯤꯒꯥꯔꯦꯠ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯕꯣꯜꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯕꯣꯜꯔꯣꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯕꯣꯜ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯚꯣꯔꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯇꯦꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, 18–21 mm꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯇꯔꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯔꯣꯇꯔꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯄ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ →ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡꯗ ꯊꯃꯖꯤꯜꯂꯕ ꯏꯌꯔꯄꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯅꯅꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇꯇ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯈꯛ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯋꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯌꯔꯄꯤꯁ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ; ꯊꯣꯔꯄꯅ 1966ꯗ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1979 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1984ꯗ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯏꯔꯝꯈꯤ (ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ)꯫

ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ (1976–1981)

ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯖꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯌꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯗ ꯁꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ: ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯣꯡꯅꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯤꯆꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯛꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ, ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯅ ꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯆꯛꯔꯁꯦꯛꯇꯔꯆꯛꯔꯗ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯂꯩꯇꯅ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ, ꯂꯦꯑꯥꯎꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯏꯅꯕꯅ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ 1977 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1978ꯗ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯣꯉꯎꯄꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ; ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯚꯔꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯈꯣꯉꯎꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯈꯥꯗ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ, ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯝꯕꯔ 1981ꯗ ꯂꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯒꯥꯁꯇ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯅꯣꯏꯖꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅ 44%ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯋꯥꯁꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯅ 25% ꯃꯔꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯔꯗꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯗꯦ: ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯠꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯏꯌꯔꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯩ ꯆꯥꯀꯄꯅ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯗꯥꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯔꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ, $15,000 ꯃꯔꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫

ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ

ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤ (1931–2018)

ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗ ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯀꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕ ꯈꯔꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ 1960ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1970ꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯛꯔꯖꯤꯔꯣꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ, ꯗꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯀꯂꯝ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯇꯕ ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇ; ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ, 0꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯊꯃꯈꯤ, ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 10,000ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ 2018ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯕꯤꯆꯨꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ $1.2 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯟꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ; 2018ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯕꯤꯆꯨꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯕꯥꯔꯅꯍꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯟꯔꯦꯃꯣꯅ ꯖꯥꯟꯌꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 1969ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯕꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ, ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯖꯨꯌꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯗꯖꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ 1973 ꯅꯠꯔꯒ 1974ꯗ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁꯇ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯄꯤ꯫

ꯔꯤꯆꯥꯔꯗ ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤ: ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ

ꯒꯣꯟꯖꯥꯂꯣ ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣ (ꯄꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕ 1947)

ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅ 1991ꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯍꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯟ ꯃꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯇ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 5,000 ꯃꯔꯛ ꯏꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯔꯣꯇꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯠ 37 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯠ, ꯀꯞ꯫ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ → ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯜꯝ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕ ꯄꯣꯀꯦꯠꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯟ 28ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ 6% ꯃꯔꯛꯅꯤ; ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯦꯁꯦꯇꯥ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ 200ꯗꯒꯤ 250 ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯅ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ, ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯖꯨꯟ 2004ꯗ ꯁꯨꯞꯔꯤꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯇ꯫ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯛꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯕ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ ꯒꯣꯟꯖꯥꯂꯣ ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤ꯫

ꯒꯣꯟꯖꯥꯂꯣ ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣ: ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ

ꯔꯤꯠꯖꯀꯤ ꯃꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ (2004)

ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ, ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯒꯣꯁ꯭ꯂꯥꯚꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯪꯒꯦꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ 2004ꯗ ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯠꯖ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯕꯇ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ £1.3 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤ, ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯠ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅ꯫ ꯄꯦꯄꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯐꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯣꯠꯂꯕ ꯂꯦꯖꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯅꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ; ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯐꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 2004ꯗ ꯄꯨꯂꯤꯁꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯧꯍꯜꯂꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯅꯤꯀꯣ ꯇꯣꯁꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯈꯉꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯌꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯨꯃꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯂꯅ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯈꯔꯥ ꯅꯥꯛꯂꯕ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯤꯠꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯏꯔꯤ꯫ Gambling Act 2005 ꯅ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯅꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, 2007ꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤ; ꯃꯤꯠꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯌꯧꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯇ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ, ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯅ ꯈꯉꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄꯅꯤ꯫

ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤꯕ ꯔꯨꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ

ꯏꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯂꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ (ꯖꯦꯒꯔ, ꯍꯤꯕꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯣꯜꯐꯣꯔꯗ, ꯖꯥꯔꯦꯀꯤ, ꯒꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ-ꯄꯦꯂꯥꯌꯣ) ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ (ꯊꯣꯔꯞ, ꯌꯨꯗꯦꯃꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯤꯠꯖ ꯇꯤꯝ)꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯕꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯦꯇꯔꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯀꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯕ ꯋꯦꯂꯁꯅ ꯊꯥ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯦꯂꯗ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯅꯣꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯛꯔ, ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯔꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯦꯕꯀꯤ ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ; ꯂꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯛ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫

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